.ig
//=============================================================================
//
// Manual page for `dumpkeymap'.
//
// Copyright (C) 1999,2000 by Eric Sunshine <sunshine@sunshineco.com>
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
//   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//   3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
//      derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO
// EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
// PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
// OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
// WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
// OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
// ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
//=============================================================================
//
// $XFree86$
//
..
.ig
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Local identification information.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
..
.nr VE 4 \" Version number
.TH DUMPKEYMAP 1 "v\n(VE \-\- 1 December 2000" "Version \n(VE"
.de UP
1 December 2000
..
.ig
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Annotation Macros
// -----------------
//	Facilitate creation of annotated, non-filled blocks of text.  An
//	annotated block is initiated with the `AS' macro.  Each annotated,
//	non-filled line within the block must be introduced with the `AN' macro
//	which takes three arguments.  The first argument is the detail text to
//	be annotated.  The second is a string of spaces used to align the
//	annotations by certain (broken) roff interpreters which fail to
//	implement the proper set of roff commands (such as diversions,
//	indentation, and tab stops).  It is assumed that the spaces will be
//	used with fixed-point font.  The third argument is the annotation
//	itself.  The block should be terminated with the `AE' macro.  For all
//	roff interpreters which properly implement diversions, indentation, and
//	tab stops, all anotations within the block are automatically aligned at
//	the same horizontal position.  This position is guaranteed to be just
//	to the right of the widest `AN' detail line.  For broken roff
//	interpreters, such as `rman', the string of spaces from the second
//	argument are used to align the annotations.  Finally, the `AZ' macro,
//	which takes a single argument, can be used to to insert a non-annotated
//	line into the block which does not play a part in the calculation of
//	the horizontal annotation alignment.
//
// Implementation Notes
// --------------------
// *1*	These macros utilize a diversion (named `AD').  Since the prevailing
//	indentation is stored along with the diverted text, we must muck with
//	the indentation level in order to prevent the indentation from being
//	applied to the text a second time when `AD' is finally emitted.
//
// *2*	Unfortunately, `.if' strips leading whitespace from following text, so
//	`AN' uses \& to preserve the whitespace.
//
// *3*	This manual page has been tested for proper formatting with troff,
//	groff, nroff and rman (the `man' to `HTML' converter).  Unfortunately,
//	rman fails to implement many useful features such as diversions,
//	indentation, and tab stops, and is also hideously buggy.  Furthermore
//	it identifies itself as nroff and fails to provide any further
//	identification, so there is no way to create macros which specifically
//	work around its limitations.  Following is a list of several bugs in
//	rman which the implementation of these macros must avoid:
//	    o Fails with multi-line conditionals within macros.
//	    o Fails on macro definition within multi-line conditionals.
//	    o Fails when macro arguments are not delimited by exactly 1 space.
//	    o String definition `.ds' ignores the value; uses empty "" instead.
//	As a consequence of these problems, the following macros are written
//	using a series of ugly single-line `.if' conditionals rather than the
//	more natural multi-line `.if' and `.ie' conditionals.  Also, rman fails
//	to understand the common idiom of `.\"' to introduce a comment, which
//	is why all comments in this file are wrapped in ignore `.ig' blocks.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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.if t .da AD
\\$1
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.if t .in +\\n(AIu
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//	bulleted entries; `BE' ends a bulleted list.
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//	argument and treats it as the hanging tag of the indented paragraph.
//	The tag is italicized in troff but not in nroff.
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.ig
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Manual page for `dumpkeymap'.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
..
.SH NAME
dumpkeymap \- Dianostic dump of a .keymapping file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B dumpkeymap
.RI [ options "] [-] [" file "...]"
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I dumpkeymap
prints a textual representation of each Apple/\c
.SM NeXT
.I .keymapping
file mentioned on the command-line.  If no files are mentioned and if the
local machine is an Apple or
.SM NeXT
installation, then the key mapping currently in use by the WindowServer and the
AppKit is printed instead.
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.B "\-h \-\^\-help"
Display general program instructions and option summary.
.TP
.B "\-k \-\^\-help\-keymapping"
Display a detailed description of the internal layout of a
.I .keymapping
file.  This is the same information as that presented in the
.I "Key Mapping Description"
section of this document.
.TP
.B "\-o \-\^\-help\-output"
Display an explanation of the output generated by
.I dumpkeymap
when dissecting a
.I .keymapping
file.  This is the same information as that presented in the
.I "Output Description"
section of this document.
.TP
.B "\-f \-\^\-help\-files"
Display a summary of the various files and directories which are related to
key mappings.  This is the same information as that presented in the
.I "Files"
section of this document.
.TP
.B "\-d \-\^\-help\-diagnostics"
Display a list of the various diagnostic messages which may be emitted by
.I dumpkeymap.
This is the same information as that presented in the
.I "Diagnostics"
section of this document.
.TP
.B "\-v \-\^\-version"
Display the
.I dumpkeymap
version number and warranty information.
.TP
.B "\- \-\^\-"
Inhibit processing of options at this point in the argument list.  An
occurrence of `\-' or `\-\^\-' in the argument list causes all following
arguments to be treated as file names even if an argument begins with a `\-'
character.
.SH "KEY MAPPING DESCRIPTION"
The following sections describe, in complete detail, the format of a raw key
mapping resource, as well as the format of the
.I .keymapping
file which encapsulates one or more raw mappings.
.SH "Types and Data"
The following type definitions are employed throughout this discussion:
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "typedef unsigned char byte;"
.AZ "typedef unsigned short word;"
.AZ "typedef unsigned long dword;"
.AE
.RE
.PP
Additionally, the type definition
.RI ` number '
is used generically to
indicate a numeric value.  The actual size of the
.RI ` number '
type may be one or two bytes depending upon how the data is stored in the key
map.  Although most key maps use byte-sized numeric values, word-sized values
are also allowed.
.PP
Multi-byte values in a key mapping file are stored in big-endian byte order.
.SH "Key Mapping File and Device Mapping"
A key mapping file begins with a magic-number and continues with a
variable number of device-specific key mappings.
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "struct KeyMappingFile {"
.AN "    char magic_number[4];" "   " "// `KYM1'"
.AN "    DeviceMapping maps[...];" "" "// Variable number of maps"
.AZ };
.AE
.PP
.AS
.AZ "struct DeviceMapping {"
.AN "    dword interface;" " " "// Interface type"
.AN "    dword handler_id;" "" "// Interface subtype"
.AN "    dword map_size;" "  " "// Byte count of `map' (below)"
.AN "    KeyMapping map;"
.AZ };
.AE
.RE
.PP
The value of `interface' represents a family of keyboard device types
(such as Intel
.SM "PC, ADB, NeXT,"
Sun Type5, etc.), and is generally specified as one of the constant values
.SM "NX_EVS_DEVICE_INTERFACE_ADB, NX_EVS_DEVICE_INTERFACE_ACE,"
etc., which are are defined in IOHIDTypes.h on MacOS/X and Darwin, and in
ev_types.h on MacOS/X Server, OpenStep, and NextStep.
.PP
The value of `handler_id' represents a specific keyboard layout within the
much broader `interface' family.  For instance, for a 101-key Intel
.SM PC
keyboard (of type
.SM NX_EVS_DEVICE_INTERFACE_ACE\c
) the `handler_id' is '0', whereas for a 102-key keyboard it is `1'.
.PP
Together, `interface' and `handler_id' identify the exact keyboard hardware to
which this mapping applies.  Programs which display a visual representation of
a keyboard layout, match `interface' and `handler_id' from the
.I .keymapping
file against the `interface' and `handler_id' values found in each
.I .keyboard
file.
.SH "Key Mapping"
A key mapping completely defines the relationship of all scan codes with their
associated functionality.  A
.I KeyMapping
structure is embedded within the
.I DeviceMapping
structure in a
.IR KeyMappingFile .
The key mapping currently in use by the WindowServer and AppKit is also
represented by a
.I KeyMapping
structure, and can be referred to directly by calling NXGetKeyMapping() and
accessing the `mapping' data member of the returned
.I NXKeyMapping
structure.
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "struct KeyMapping {"
.AN "    word number_size;" "          " "// 0=1 byte, non-zero=2 bytes"
.AN "    number num_modifier_groups;" "" "// Modifier groups"
.AZ "    ModifierGroup modifier_groups[...];"
.AN "    number num_scan_codes;" "     " "// Scan groups"
.AN "    ScanGroup scan_table[...];"
.AN "    number num_sequence_lists;" " " "// Sequence lists"
.AN "    Sequence sequence_lists[...];"
.AN "    number num_special_keys;" "   " "// Special keys"
.AN "    SpecialKey special_key[...];"
.AZ };
.AE
.RE
.PP
The `number_size' flag determines the size, in bytes, of all remaining numeric
values (denoted by the type definition
.RI ` number ')
within the
key mapping.  If its value is zero, then numbers are represented by a single
byte.  If it is non-zero, then numbers are represented by a word (two bytes).
.SH "Modifier Group"
A modifier group defines all scan codes which map to a particular type of
modifier, such as
.IR shift ,
.IR control ,
etc.
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "enum Modifier {"
.AZ "    ALPHALOCK = 0,"
.AZ "    SHIFT,"
.AZ "    CONTROL,"
.AZ "    ALTERNATE,"
.AZ "    COMMAND,"
.AZ "    KEYPAD,"
.AZ "    HELP"
.AZ };
.AE
.PP
.AS
.AZ "struct ModifierGroup {"
.AN "    number modifier;" "       " "// A Modifier constant"
.AN "    number num_scan_codes;"
.AN "    number scan_codes[...];" "" "// Variable number of scan codes"
.AZ };
.AE
.RE
.PP
The scan_codes[] array contains a list of all scan codes which map to the
specified modifier.  The
.IR shift ", " command ", and " alternate
modifiers are frequently mapped to two different scan codes, apiece,
since these modifiers often appear on both the left and right sides of
the keyboard.
.SH "Scan Group"
There is one
.I ScanGroup
for each scan code generated by the given keyboard.  This number is given by
KeyMapping::num_scan_codes.  The first scan group represents hardware scan
code 0, the second represents scan code 1, etc.
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "enum ModifierMask {"
.AN "    ALPHALOCK_MASK" "      " "= 1 << 0,"
.AN "    SHIFT_MASK" "          " "= 1 << 1,"
.AN "    CONTROL_MASK" "        " "= 1 << 2,"
.AN "    ALTERNATE_MASK" "      " "= 1 << 3,"
.AN "    CARRIAGE_RETURN_MASK" "" "= 1 << 4"
.AZ };
.AZ "#define NOT_BOUND 0xff"
.AE
.PP
.AS
.AZ "struct ScanGroup {"
.AN "    number mask;"
.AN "    Character characters[...];"
.AZ };
.AE
.RE
.PP
For each scan code, `mask' defines which modifier combinations generate
characters.  If `mask' is
.SM NOT_BOUND
(0xff) then then this scan code does not generate any characters ever, and its
characters[] array is zero length.  Otherwise, the characters[] array contains
one
.I Character
record for each modifier combination.
.PP
The number of records in characters[] is determined by computing (1 <<
bits_set_in_mask).  In other words, if mask is zero, then zero bits are set,
so characters[] contains only one record.  If `mask' is
.SM "(SHIFT_MASK | CONTROL_MASK),"
then two bits are set, so characters[] contains four records.
.PP
The first record always represents the character which is generated by that
key when no modifiers are active.  The remaining records represent characters
generated by the various modifier combinations.  Using the example with the
.I shift
and
.I control
masks set, record two would represent the character with the
.I shift
modifier active; record three, the
.I control
modifier active; and record four, both the
.I shift
and
.I control
modifiers active.
.PP
As a special case,
.SM ALPHALOCK_MASK
implies
.SM SHIFT_MASK,
though only
.SM ALPHALOCK_MASK
appears in `mask'.  In this case the same character is generated for both the
.I shift
and
.I alpha-lock
modifiers, but only needs to appear once in the characters[] array.
.PP
.SM CARRIAGE_RETURN_MASK
does not actually refer to a modifier key.  Instead, it is used to
distinguish the scan code which is given the special pseudo-designation of
.I "carriage return"
key.  Typically, this mask appears solo in a
.I ScanGroup
record and only the two
.I Character
records for control-M and control-C follow.  This flag may be a throwback to
an earlier time or may be specially interpreted by the low-level keyboard
driver, but its purpose is otherwise enigmatic.
.SH Character
Each
.I Character
record indicates the character generated when this key is pressed, as well as
the character set which contains the character.  Well known character sets are
.SM `ASCII'
and `Symbol'.  The character set can also be one of the meta values
.SM FUNCTION_KEY
or
.SM KEY_SEQUENCE.
If it is
.SM FUNCTION_KEY
then `char_code' represents a generally well-known function key such as those
enumerated by
.I FunctionKey.
If the character set is
.SM KEY_SEQUENCE
then `char_code' represents is a zero-base index into
KeyMapping::sequence_lists[].
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "enum CharacterSet {"
.AN "    ASCII" "       " "= 0x00,"
.AN "    SYMBOL" "      " "= 0x01,"
.AN "    ..."
.AN "    FUNCTION_KEY" "" "= 0xfe,"
.AN "    KEY_SEQUENCE" "" "= 0xff"
.AZ };
.AE
.PP
.AS
.AZ "struct Character {"
.AN "    number set;" "      " "// CharacterSet of generated character"
.AN "    number char_code;" "" "// Actual character generated"
.AZ };
.AE
.PP
.AS
.AZ "enum FunctionKey {"
.AZ "    F1 = 0x20, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12,"
.AZ "    INSERT, DELETE, HOME, END, PAGE_UP, PAGE_DOWN, PRINT_SCREEN,"
.AZ "    SCROLL_LOCK, PAUSE, SYS_REQUEST, BREAK, RESET, STOP, MENU,"
.AZ "    USER, SYSTEM, PRINT, CLEAR_LINE, CLEAR_DISPLAY, INSERT_LINE,"
.AZ "    DELETE_LINE, INSERT_CHAR, DELETE_CHAR, PREV, NEXT, SELECT"
.AZ };
.AE
.RE
.SH Sequence
When Character::set contains the meta value
.SM KEY_SEQUENCE,
the scan code is bound to a sequence of keys rather than a single character.
A sequence is a series of modifiers and characters which are automatically
generated when the associated key is depressed.
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "#define MODIFIER_KEY 0xff"
.AE
.PP
.AS
.AZ "struct Sequence {"
.AN "    number num_chars;"
.AN "    Character characters[...];"
.AZ };
.AE
.RE
.PP
Each generated
.I Character
is represented as previously described, with the exception that
.SM MODIFIER_KEY
may appear in place of
.SM KEY_SEQUENCE.
When the value of Character::set is
.SM MODIFIER_KEY
then Character::char_code represents a modifier key rather than an actual
character.  If the modifier represented by `char_code' is non-zero, then it
indicates that the associated modifier key has been depressed.  In this case,
the value is one of the constants enumerated by
.I Modifier
(\c
.SM "SHIFT, CONTROL, ALTERNATE,"
etc.).  If the value is zero then it means that the modifier keys have been
released.
.SH "Special Key"
A special key is one which is scanned directly by the Mach kernel rather than
by the WindowServer.  In general, events are not generated for special keys.
.PP
.RS
.AS
.AZ "enum SpecialKeyType {"
.AZ "    VOLUME_UP = 0,"
.AZ "    VOLUME_DOWN,"
.AZ "    BRIGHTNESS_UP,"
.AZ "    BRIGHTNESS_DOWN,"
.AZ "    ALPHA_LOCK,"
.AZ "    HELP,"
.AZ "    POWER,"
.AZ "    SECONDARY_ARROW_UP,"
.AZ "    SECONDARY_ARROW_DOWN"
.AZ };
.AE
.PP
.AS
.AZ "struct SpecialKey {"
.AN "    number type;" "     " "// A SpecialKeyType constant"
.AN "    number scan_code;" "" "// Actual scan code"
.AZ };
.AE
.RE
.SH OUTPUT
What follows is an explanation and description of the various pieces of
information emitted by
.I dumpkeymap.
.PP
For a more thorough discussion of any particular piece of information described
here, refer to the detailed description of the internal layout of a key mapping
provided by the
.I "Key Mapping Description"
section above.
.SH Conventions
Depending upon context, some numeric values are displayed in decimal
notation, whereas others are displayed in hexadecimal notation.
Hexadecimal numbers are denoted by a `0x' prefix (for instance, `0x7b'),
except when explicitly noted otherwise.
.SH "Key Mapping Source"
The first piece of information presented about a particular key mapping is the
source from which the data was gleaned.  For a
.I .keymapping
file, the title
.SM "`KEYMAP FILE'"
is emitted along with the path and name of the file in question.  For the key
mapping currently in use by the WindowServer and AppKit, the title
.SM "`ACTIVE KEYMAP'"
is emitted instead.
.SH "Device Information"
Each
.I .keymapping
file may contain one or more raw key mappings.  For example, a file which maps
keys to a Dvorak-style layout might contain raw mappings for Intel
.SM "PC, ADB, NeXT,"
and Sun Type5 keyboards.
.PP
For each raw mapping, the following information is emitted:
.BG
.BU
The title
.SM `KEYMAP'
along with the mapping's relative position in the
.I .keymapping
file.
.BU
The `interface' identifier.
.BU
The `handler_id' sub-identifier.
.BU
The size of the raw mapping resource counted in bytes.
.BE
The `interface' and `handler_id' values, taken together, define a specific
keyboard device.  A
.I .keyboard
file, which describes the visual layout of a keyboard, also contains
`interface' and `handler_id' identifiers.  The
.I .keyboard
file corresponding to a particular key mapping can be found by matching the
`interface' and `handler_id' values from each resource.
.SH Modifiers
Each mapping may contain zero or more modifier records which associate hardware
scan codes with modifier descriptions such as
.I "shift, control, alternate,"
etc.  The title
.SM `MODIFIERS'
is printed along with the count of modifier records which follow.  For each
modifier record, the modifier's name is printed along with a list of scan
codes, in hexadecimal format, which generate that modifier value.  For example:
.PP
.RS
.nf
MODIFIERS [4]
alternate: 0x1d 0x60
control: 0x3a
keypad: 0x52 0x53 ... 0x63 0x62
shift: 0x2a 0x36
.fi
.RE
.SH Characters
Each mapping may contain zero or more character records which associate
hardware scan codes with the actual characters generated by those scan
codes in the presence or absence of various modifier combinations.  The
title
.SM `CHARACTERS'
is printed along with the count of character records which follow.  Here is a
highly abbreviated example:
.PP
.RS
.nf
CHARACTERS [9]
scan 0x00: -AC-L  "a" "A" "^A" "^A" ca c7 "^A" "^A"
scan 0x07: -AC-L  "x" "X" "^X" "^X" 01/b4 01/ce "^X" "^X"
scan 0x0a: ---S-  "<" ">"
scan 0x13: -ACS-  "2" "@" "^@" "^@" b2 b3 "^@" "^@"
scan 0x24: R----  "^M" "^C"
scan 0x3e: -----  [F4]
scan 0x4a: -----  [page up]
scan 0x60: -----  {seq#3}
scan 0x68: not-bound
.fi
.RE
.PP
For each record, the hexadecimal value of the hardware scan code is printed,
followed by a list of modifier flag combinations and the actual characters
generated by this scan code with and without modifiers applied.
.PP
The modifier flags field is composed of a combination of single letter
representations of the various modifier types.  The letters stand for:
.PP
.RS
.nf
L \- alpha-lock
S \- shift
C \- control
A \- alternate
R \- carriage-return
.fi
.RE
.PP
As a special case, the
.I alpha-lock
flag also implies the
.I shift
flag, so these two flags never appear together in the same record.
.PP
The combination of modifier flags determines the meaning and number of fields
which follow.  The first field after the modifier flags always represents the
character that will be generated if no modifier keys are depressed.  The
remaining fields represent characters generated by the various modifier
combinations.  The order of the fields follows this general pattern:
.BG
.BU
The character generated by this scan code when no modifiers are in effect is
listed first.
.BU
If the `L' or `S' flag is active, then the shifted character generated by this
scan code is listed next.
.BU
If the `C' flag is active, then the control-character generated by this scan
code is listed next.  Furthermore, if the `L' or `S' flag is also active, then
the shifted control-character is listed after that.
.BU
If the `A' flag is active, then the alternate-character generated by this scan
code is listed next.  Furthermore, if the `L' or `S' flag is active, then the
shifted alternate-character is listed after that.  If the `C' flag is also
active, then the alternate-control-character is listed next.  Finally, if the
`C' and `L' or `C' and `S' flags are also active, then the shifted
alternate-control-character is listed.
.BE
The `R' flag does not actually refer to a modifier key.  Instead, it is used to
distinguish the scan code which is given the special pseudo-designation of
.I "carriage return"
key.  Typically, this mask appears solo and only the two fields for control-M
and control-C follow.  This flag may be a throwback to an earlier time or may
be specially interpreted by the low-level keyboard driver, but its purpose is
otherwise enigmatic.
.PP
Recalling the example from above, the following fields can be identified:
.PP
.RS
.nf
scan 0x00: -AC-L  "a" "A" "^A" "^A" ca c7 "^A" "^A"
.fi
.RE
.BG
.BU
Lower-case `a' is generated when no modifiers are active.
.BU
Upper-case `A' is generated when
.IR shift " or " alpha-lock
are active.
.BU
Control-A is generated when
.I control
is active.
.BU
Control-A is generated when
.IR control " and " shift
are active.
.BU
The character represented by the hexadecimal code 0xca is generated when
.I alternate
is active.
.BU
The character represented by 0xc7 is generated when
.IR alternate " and " shift " (or " alpha-lock ") are active."
.BU
Control-A is generated when
.IR alternate " and " control
are active.
.BU
Control-A is generated when
.IR "alternate, control" " and " shift " (or " alpha-lock ") are active."
.BE
The notation used to represent a particular generated character varies.
.BG
.BU
Printable
.SM ASCII
characters are quoted, as in "x" or "X".
.BU
Control-characters are quoted and prefixed with `^', as in "^X".
.BU
Characters with values greater than 127 (0x7f) are displayed as hexadecimal
values without the `0x' prefix.
.BU
Characters in a non-\c
.SM ASCII
character set (such as `Symbol') are displayed as two hexadecimal numbers
separated by a slash, as in `01/4a'.  The first number is the character set's
identification code (such as `01' for the `Symbol' set), and the second number
is the value of the generated character.
.BU
Non-printing special function characters are displayed with the function's
common name enclosed in brackets, as in `[page up]' or `[F4]'.
.BU
If the binding represents a key sequence rather than a single character, then
the sequence's identification number is enclosed in braces, as in `{seq#3}'.
.BE
Recalling a few examples from above, the following interpretations can be made:
.PP
.RS
.nf
scan 0x07: -AC-L  "x" "X" "^X" "^X" 01/b4 01/ce "^X" "^X"
scan 0x3e: -----  [F4]
scan 0x4a: -----  [page up]
scan 0x60: -----  {seq#3}
.fi
.RE
.BG
.BU
"x" and "X" are printable
.SM ASCII
characters.
.BU
"^X" is a control-character.
.BU
`01/b4' and `01/ce' represent the character codes 0xb4 and 0xce in the `Symbol'
character set.
.BU
Scan code 0x3e generates function-key `F4', and scan code 0x4a generates
function-key `page up'.
.BU
Scan code 0x60 is bound to key sequence #3.
.BE
Finally, if a scan code is not bound to any characters, then it is annotated
with the label `not-bound', as with example scan code 0x68 from above.
.SH Sequences
A scan code (modified and unmodified) can be bound to a key sequence rather
than generating a single character or acting as a modifier.  When it is bound
to a key sequence, a series of character invocations and modifier actions are
automatically generated rather than a single keystroke.
.PP
Each mapping may contain zero or more key sequence records.  The title
.SM `SEQUENCES'
is printed along with the count of sequence records which follow.  For example:
.PP
.RS
.nf
SEQUENCES [3]
sequence 0: "f" "o" "o"
sequence 1: {alternate} "b" "a" "r" {unmodify}
sequence 2: [home] "b" "a" "z"
.fi
.RE
.PP
The notation used to represent the sequence of generated characters is
identical to the notation already described in the
.I Characters
section above, with the exception that modifier actions may be interposed
between generated characters.  Such modifier actions are represented by the
modifier's name enclosed in braces.  The special name `{unmodify}' indicates
the release of the modifier keys.
.PP
Thus, the sequences in the above example can be interpreted as follows:
.BG
.BU
Sequence\ #0 generates `foo'.
.BU
Sequence\ #1 invokes the
.I alternate
modifier, generates `bar', and then releases
.I alternate.
.BU
Sequence\ #2 invokes the
.I home
key and then generates `baz'.  In a text editor, this would probably result in
`baz' being prepended to the line of text on which the cursor resides.
.BE
.SH Special Keys
Certain keyboards feature keys which perform some type of special purpose
function rather than generating a character or acting as a modifier.  For
instance, Apple keyboards often contain a
.I power
key, and
.SM NeXT
keyboards have historically featured screen brightness and volume control keys.
.PP
Each mapping may contain zero or more special-key records which associate
hardware scan codes with such special purpose functions.  The title
.SM `SPECIALS'
is printed along with the count of records which follow.  For each record, the
special function's name is printed along with a list of scan codes, in
hexadecimal format, which are bound to that function.  For example:
.PP
.RS
.nf
SPECIALS [6]
alpha-lock: 0x39
brightness-down: 0x79
brightness-up: 0x74
power: 0x7f
sound-down: 0x77
sound-up: 0x73
.fi
.RE
.SH FILES
.IP *.keymapping
A key mapping file which precisely defines the relationship of all
hardware-specific keyboard scan-codes with their associated functionality.
.IP *.keyboard
A file describing the physical layout of keys on a particular type of
keyboard.  Each `key' token in this file defines the position and shape of the
key on the keyboard, as well as the associated scan code which that key
generates.  A
.I .keymapping
file, on the other hand, defines the characters which are generated by a
particular scan code depending upon the state of the various modifier keys
(such as
.I shift,
.I control,
etc.).  The `interface' and `handler_id' values from a
.I .keymapping
file are matched against those in each
.I .keyboard
file in order to associate a particular
.I .keyboard
file with a key mapping.  Various
.SM GUI
programs use the
.I .keyboard
file to display a visual representation of a keyboard for the user.  Since
these files are just plain text, they can be easily viewed and interpreted
without the aid of a specialized program, thus
.I dumpkeymap
leaves these files alone.
.PP
/System/Library/Keyboards
.br
/Network/Library/Keyboards
.br
/Local/Library/Keyboards
.br
/Library/Keyboards
.RS
Repositories for
.I .keymapping
and
.I .keyboard
files for MacOS/X, Darwin, and MacOS/X Server.
.RE
.PP
/NextLibrary/Keyboards
.br
/LocalLibrary/Keyboards
.RS
Repositories for
.I .keymapping
and
.I .keyboard
files for OpenStep and NextStep.
.RE
.IP $(HOME)/Library/Keyboards
Repository for personal
.I .keymapping
and
.I .keyboard
files.
.SH DIGANOSTICS
The following diagnostic messages may be issued to the standard error stream.
.TG "Unrecognized option."
An unrecognized option was specified on the command-line.  Invoke
.I dumpkeymap
with the
.B "\-\^\-help"
option to view a list of valid options.
.TG "Insufficient data in keymapping data stream."
The key mapping file or data stream is corrupt.  Either the file has been
incorrectly truncated or a field, such as those which indicates the number of
variable records which follow, contains a corrupt value.
.PP
The following diagnostic messages have significance only when trying to print
.I .keymapping
files mentioned on the command-line.
.TG "Bad magic number."
The mentioned file is not a
.I .keymapping
file.  The file's content does not start with the string `KYM1'.
.TG "Unable to open key mapping file."
The call to fopen() failed; probably because the specified path is invalid or
.I dumpkeymap
does not have permission to read the file.
.TG "Unable to determine key mapping file size."
The call to fstat() failed, thus memory can not be allocated for loading the
file.
.TG "Unable to read key mapping file."
The call to fread() failed.
.PP
The following diagnostic messages have significance only when trying to print
the currently active key mapping when no
.I .keymapping
files have been mentioned on the command-line.
.TG "Unable to open event status driver."
The call to NXOpenEventStatus() failed.
.TG "Bad key mapping length."
The call to NXKeyMappingLength() returned a bogus value.
.TG "Unable to get current key mapping."
The call to NXGetKeyMapping() failed.
.PP
The following diagnostic messages have significance only when using
.I dumpkeymap
on a non-Apple/\c
.SM NeXT
platform.
.TG "Must specify at least one .keymapping file."
No
.I .keymapping
files were mentioned on the command-line.  On non-Apple/\c
.SM NeXT
platforms, there is no concept of a currently active
.I .keymapping
file, so at least one file must be mentioned on the command-line.
.SH AUTHOR
Eric Sunshine <sunshine@sunshineco.com> wrote
.I dumpkeymap
and this document, the
.I "dumpkeymap user's manual."
Both
.I dumpkeymap
and this document are copyright \(co1999,2000 by Eric Sunshine
<sunshine@sunshineco.com>.  All rights reserved.
.PP
The implementation of
.I dumpkeymap
is based upon information gathered on September 3, 1997 by Eric Sunshine
<sunshine@sunshineco.com> and Paul S. McCarthy <zarnuk@zarnuk.com> during an
effort to reverse engineer the format of the
.SM NeXT
.I .keymapping
file.
.if n .PP
.if n Version \n(VE \-\-
.if n .UP