systemd System and Service Manager CHANGES WITH 183: * Note that we skipped 139 releases here in order to set the new version to something that is greater than both udev's and systemd's most recent version number. * udev: all udev sources are merged into the systemd source tree now. All future udev development will happen in the systemd tree. It is still fully supported to use the udev daemon and tools without systemd running, like in initramfs or other init systems. Building udev though, will require the *build* of the systemd tree, but udev can be properly *run* without systemd. * udev: /lib/udev/devices/ are not read anymore; systemd-tmpfiles should be used to create dead device nodes as workarounds for broken subsystems. * udev: RUN+="socket:..." and udev_monitor_new_from_socket() is no longer supported. udev_monitor_new_from_netlink() needs to be used to subscribe to events. * udev: when udevd is started by systemd, processes which are left behind by forking them off of udev rules, are unconditionally cleaned up and killed now after the event handling has finished. Services or daemons must be started as systemd services. Services can be pulled-in by udev to get started, but they can no longer be directly forked by udev rules. * udev: the daemon binary is called systemd-udevd now and installed in /usr/lib/systemd/. Standalone builds or non-systemd systems need to adapt to that, create symlink, or rename the binary after building it. * libudev no longer provides these symbols: udev_monitor_from_socket() udev_queue_get_failed_list_entry() udev_get_{dev,sys,run}_path() The versions number was bumped and symbol versioning introduced. * systemd-loginctl and systemd-journalctl have been renamed to loginctl and journalctl to match systemctl. * The config files: /etc/systemd/systemd-logind.conf and /etc/systemd/systemd-journald.conf have been renamed to logind.conf and journald.conf. Package updates should rename the files to the new names on upgrade. * For almost all files the license is now LGPL2.1+, changed from the previous GPL2.0+. Exceptions are some minor stuff of udev (which will be changed to LGPL2.1 eventually, too), and the MIT licensed sd-daemon.[ch] library that is suitable to be used as drop-in files. * systemd and logind now handle system sleep states, in particulary suspending and hibernating. * logind now implements a sleep/shutdown/idle inhibiting logic suitable for a variety of uses. Soonishly Lennart will blog about this in more detail. * var-run.mount and var-lock.mount are no longer provided (which prevously bind mounted these directories to their new places). Distributions which have not converted these directories to symlinks should consider stealing these files from git history and add them downstream. * We introduced the Documentation= field for units and added this to all our shipped units. This is useful to make it easier to explore the boot and the purpose of the various units. * All smaller setup units (such as systemd-vconsole-setup.service) now detect properly if they are run in a container and are skipped when appropriate. This guarantees an entirely noise-free boot in Linux container environments such as systemd-nspawn. * A framework for implementing offline system updates is now integrated, for details see: http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates * A new service type Type=idle is available now which helps us avoiding ugly interleaving of getty output and boot status messages. * There's now a system-wide CapabilityBoundingSet= option to globally reduce the set of capabilities for the system. This is useful to drop CAP_SYS_MKNOD, CAP_SYS_RAWIO, CAP_NET_RAW, CAP_SYS_MODULE, CAP_SYS_TIME, CAP_SYS_PTRACE or even CAP_NET_ADMIN system-wide for secure systems. * There are now system-wide DefaultLimitXXX= options to globally change the defaults of the various resource limits for all units started by PID 1. * Harald Hoyer's systemd test suite has been integrated into systemd which allows easy testing of systemd builds in qemu and nspawn. (This is really awesome! Ask us for details!) * The fstab parser is now implemented as generator, not inside of PID 1 anymore. * systemctl will now warn you if .mount units generated from /etc/fstab are out of date due to changes in fstab that haven't been read by systemd yet. * systemd is now suitable for usage in initrds. Dracut has already been updated to make use of this. With this in place initrds get a slight bit faster but primarily are much easier to introspect and debug since "systemctl status" in the host system can be used to introspect initrd services, and the journal from the initrd is kept around too. * systemd-delta has been added, a tool to explore differences between user/admin configuration and vendor defaults. * PrivateTmp= now affects both /tmp and /var/tmp. * Boot time status messages are now much prettier and feature proper english language. Booting up systemd has never been so sexy. * Read-ahead pack files now include the inode number of all files to pre-cache. When the inode changes the pre-caching is not attempted. This should be nicer to deal with updated packages which might result in changes of read-ahead patterns. * We now temporaritly lower the kernel's read_ahead_kb variable when collecting read-ahead data to ensure the kernel's built-in read-ahead does not add noise to our measurements of necessary blocks to pre-cache. * There's now RequiresMountsFor= to add automatic dependencies for all mounts necessary for a specific file system path. * MountAuto= and SwapAuto= have been removed from system.conf. Mounting file systems at boot has to take place in systemd now. * nspawn now learned a new switch --uuid= to set the machine ID on the command line. * nspawn now learned the -b switch to automatically search for an init system. * vt102 is now the default TERM for serial TTYs, upgraded from vt100. * systemd-logind now works on VT-less systems. * The build tree has been reorganized. The individual components now have directories of their own. * A new condition type ConditionPathIsReadWrite= is now available. * nspawn learned the new -C switch to create cgroups for the container in other hierarchies. * We now have support for hardware watchdogs, configurable in system.conf. * The scheduled shutdown logic now has a public API. * We now mount /tmp as tmpfs by default, but this can be masked and /etc/fstab can override it. * Since udisks doesn't make use of /media anymore we are not mounting a tmpfs on it anymore. * journalctl gained a new --local switch to only interleave locally generated journal files. * We can now load the IMA policy at boot automatically. * The GTK tools have been split off into a systemd-ui. CHANGES WITH 44: * This is mostly a bugfix release * Support optional initialization of the machine ID from the KVM or container configured UUID. * Support immediate reboots with "systemctl reboot -ff" * Show /etc/os-release data in systemd-analyze output * Many bugfixes for the journal, including endianess fixes and ensuring that disk space enforcement works * sd-login.h is C++ comptaible again * Extend the /etc/os-release format on request of the Debian folks * We now refuse non-UTF8 strings used in various configuration and unit files. This is done to ensure we don't pass invalid data over D-Bus or expose it elsewhere. * Register Mimo USB Screens as suitable for automatic seat configuration * Read SELinux client context from journal clients in a race free fashion * Reorder configuration file lookup order. /etc now always overrides /run in order to allow the administrator to always and unconditionally override vendor supplied or automatically generated data. * The various user visible bits of the journal now have man pages. We still lack man pages for the journal API calls however. * We now ship all man pages in HTML format again in the tarball. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Dirk Eibach, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marti Raudsepp, Michal Schmidt, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Thierry Reding CHANGES WITH 43: * This is mostly a bugfix release * systems lacking /etc/os-release are no longer supported. * Various functionality updates to libsystemd-login.so * Track class of PAM logins to distuingish greeters from normal user logins. Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl CHANGES WITH 42: * This is an important bugfix release for v41. * Building man pages is now optional which should be useful for those building systemd from git but unwilling to install xsltproc. * Watchdog support for supervising services is now usable. In a future release support for hardware watchdogs (i.e. /dev/watchdog) will be added building on this. * Service start rate limiting is now configurable and can be turned off per service. When a start rate limit is hit a reboot can automatically be triggered. * New CanReboot(), CanPowerOff() bus calls in systemd-logind. Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Bill Nottingham, Frederic Crozat, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michał Górny, Piotr Drąg CHANGES WITH 41: * The systemd binary is installed /usr/lib/systemd/systemd now; An existing /sbin/init symlink needs to be adapted with the package update. * The code that loads kernel modules has been ported to invoke libkmod directly, instead of modprobe. This means we do not support systems with module-init-tools anymore. * Watchdog support is now already useful, but still not complete. * A new kernel command line option systemd.setenv= is understood to set system wide environment variables dynamically at boot. * We now limit the set of capabilities of systemd-journald. * We now set SIGPIPE to ignore by default, since it only is useful in shell pipelines, and has little use in general code. This can be disabled with IgnoreSIPIPE=no in unit files. Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Tom Gundersen, William Douglas CHANGES WITH 40: * This is mostly a bugfix release * We now expose the reason why a service failed in the "Result" D-Bus property. * Rudimentary service watchdog support (will be completed over the next few releases.) * When systemd forks off in order execute some service we will now immediately changes its argv[0] to reflect which process it will execute. This is useful to minimize the time window with a generic argv[0], which makes bootcharts more useful Contributions from: Alvaro Soliverez, Chris Paulson-Ellis, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Mike Kazantsev, Ray Strode CHANGES WITH 39: * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many bugfixes. * New systemd-cgtop tool to show control groups by their resource usage. * Linking against libacl for ACLs is optional again. If disabled, support tracking device access for active logins goes becomes unavailable, and so does access to the user journals by the respective users. * If a group "adm" exists, journal files are automatically owned by them, thus allow members of this group full access to the system journal as well as all user journals. * The journal now stores the SELinux context of the logging client for all entries. * Add C++ inclusion guards to all public headers * New output mode "cat" in the journal to print only text messages, without any meta data like date or time. * Include tiny X server wrapper as a temporary stop-gap to teach XOrg udev display enumeration. This is used by display managers such as gdm, and will go away as soon as XOrg learned native udev hotplugging for display devices. * Add new systemd-cat tool for executing arbitrary programs with STDERR/STDOUT connected to the journal. Can also act as BSD logger replacement, and does so by default. * Optionally store all locally generated coredumps in the journal along with meta data. * systemd-tmpfiles learnt four new commands: n, L, c, b, for writing short strings to files (for usage for /sys), and for creating symlinks, character and block device nodes. * New unit file option ControlGroupPersistent= to make cgroups persistent, following the mechanisms outlined in http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PaxControlGroups * Support multiple local RTCs in a sane way * No longer monopolize IO when replaying readahead data on rotating disks, since we might starve non-file-system IO to death, since fanotify() will not see accesses done by blkid, or fsck. * Don't show kernel threads in systemd-cgls anymore, unless requested with new -k switch. Contributions from: Dan Horák, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michal Schmidt CHANGES WITH 38: * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many bugfixes. * The git repository moved to: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd ssh://git.freedesktop.org/git/systemd/systemd * First release with the journal http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-journal.html * The journal replaces both systemd-kmsg-syslogd and systemd-stdout-bridge. * New sd_pid_get_unit() API call in libsystemd-logind * Many systemadm clean-ups * Introduce remote-fs-pre.target which is ordered before all remote mounts and may be used to start services before all remote mounts. * Added Mageia support * Add bash completion for systemd-loginctl * Actively monitor PID file creation for daemons which exit in the parent process before having finished writing the PID file in the daemon process. Daemons which do this need to be fixed (i.e. PID file creation must have finished before the parent exits), but we now react a bit more gracefully to them. * Add colourful boot output, mimicking the well-known output of existing distributions. * New option PassCredentials= for socket units, for compatibility with a recent kernel ABI breakage. * /etc/rc.local is now hooked in via a generator binary, and thus will no longer act as synchronization point during boot. * systemctl list-unit-files now supports --root=. * systemd-tmpfiles now understands two new commands: z, Z for relabelling files according to the SELinux database. This is useful to apply SELinux labels to specific files in /sys, among other things. * Output of SysV services is now forwarded to both the console and the journal by default, not only just the console. * New man pages for all APIs from libsystemd-login. * The build tree got reorganized and a the build system is a lot more modular allowing embedded setups to specifically select the components of systemd they are interested in. * Support for Linux systems lacking the kernel VT subsystem is restored. * configure's --with-rootdir= got renamed to --with-rootprefix= to follow the naming used by udev and kmod * Unless specified otherwise we'll now install to /usr instead of /usr/local by default. * Processes with '@' in argv[0][0] are now excluded from the final shut-down killing spree, following the logic explained in: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/RootStorageDaemons * All processes remaining in a service cgroup when we enter the START or START_PRE states are now killed with SIGKILL. That means it is no longer possible to spawn background processes from ExecStart= lines (which was never supported anyway, and bad style). * New PropagateReloadTo=/PropagateReloadFrom= options to bind reloading of units together. Contributions from: Bill Nottingham, Daniel Walsh, Dave Reisner, Dexter Morgan, Gregs Gregs, Jonathan Nieder, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Michał Górny, Ran Benita, Thomas Jarosch, Tim Waugh, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek